Manifestaciones pulmonares en lupus eritematoso sistémico: afección pleural, neumonitis aguda, enfermedad intersticial crónica y hemorragia alveolar difusa / Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: pleural involvement, acute pneumonitis, chronic interstitial lung disease and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage

El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es la enfermedad autoinmune difusa del tejido conectivo que con mayor frecuencia afecta al pulmón, la cual oscila del 20 al 90%, porcentaje variable en función de los criterios empleados en las cohortes estudiadas (sintomatología hasta histopatología). Más del 50% de los pacientes presentan manifestaciones pleuropulmonares por lo menos una vez durante el curso de su enfermedad y tal afección se asocia a mayor mortalidad. Las anomalías pulmonares no correlacionan con marcadores séricos de actividad lúpica. Es prioritario descartar infección pulmonar en la evaluación inicial, ya que la afección parenquimatosa más frecuente es la infección bacteriana y constituye una de las principales causas de muerte. También se han descrito participación de agentes atípicos, que incluyen los que condicionan enfermedades granulomatosas y otros oportunistas. La afección pleuropulmonar en LES puede estar directamente asociada a LES o ser secundaria. Fármacos pueden ocasionar neumonitis e incluso progresión a enfermedad intersticial. Hay un incremento discreto en el riesgo de neoplasias pulmonares

Systemic lupus erythematosus is the diffuse autoimmune connective tissue disease that most frequently involves pulmonary involvement, affecting 20% of 90% of the patients. The percentage varies depending on the defining criteria (symptoms, pulmonary tests or histopathological studies). At least once during the disease course, 50% of those affected have pleural and/or pulmonary manifestations, which are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary involvement has no correlation with lupus activity biomarkers, and it is necessary to rule out infectious processes in the initial approach. Bacterial infection is most frequently the cause of lung involvement in lupus and is one of the most important causes of death. Pulmonary involvement is considered to be primary when it is associated with disease activity, and secondary when other causes participate. Drugs have been reported to be associated with pulmonary damage, including interstitial disease. The incidence of malignant lung diseases is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment depends on the type and severity of pulmonary involvement

Pulmonary manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus: pleural involvement, acute pneumonitis, chronic interstitial lung disease and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. / Manifestaciones pulmonares en lupus eritematoso sistémico: afección pleural, neumonitis aguda, enfermedad intersticial crónica y hemorragia alveolar difusa.

Systemic lupus erythematosus is the diffuse autoimmune connective tissue disease that most frequently involves pulmonary involvement, affecting 20% of 90% of the patients. The percentage varies depending on the defining criteria (symptoms, pulmonary tests or histopathological studies). At least once during the disease course, 50% of those affected have pleural and/or pulmonary manifestations, which are associated with higher morbidity and mortality. Pulmonary involvement has no correlation with lupus activity biomarkers, and it is necessary to rule out infectious processes in the initial approach. Bacterial infection is most frequently the cause of lung involvement in lupus and is one of the most important causes of death. Pulmonary involvement is considered to be primary when it is associated with disease activity, and secondary when other causes participate. Drugs have been reported to be associated with pulmonary damage, including interstitial disease. The incidence of malignant lung diseases is increased in systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment depends on the type and severity of pulmonary involvement.